From Productivism to Integrated Agriculture: Historical Trajectories of Paradigms, Sustainability Tensions, Digitalization, and Policy Agendas for Agricultural System Transition

Abstract

This article asserts that the transition towards integrated agriculture is a historical consequence and a policy necessity to address ecological-social crises while maintaining food productivity. This study uses a narrative–integrative qualitative literature review (QLR) of publications from 2020–2026 to (i) map the historical trajectory of agricultural paradigms, (ii) analyze contemporary tensions between productivism, sustainability/agroecology, and digitalization/precision, and (iii) formulate a conceptual framework and policy implications for integrated agriculture. The main findings indicate that paradigm shifts move from productivist modernization to a more systemic corrective agenda: sustainable intensification, agroecology, and digitalization, each offering different mechanisms and risks. Empirical-conceptual evidence supports integrated agriculture (e.g., crop–livestock integration, rice–fish, agroforestry, and bioenergy integration) as a system redesign strategy that can increase diversification, nutrient cycling efficiency, and resilience. However, its benefits are contextual and involve trade-offs, requiring appropriate design and institutional support. Policy recommendations are prioritized on orchestrating cross-sector governance, financing and incentives to reduce adoption risks, strengthening system-design-based extension services, and data governance so that digitalization supports sustainability inclusively. The article concludes with a targeted research agenda to strengthen impact evidence, examine trade-offs, and clarify the institutional prerequisites for transition