Fit-for-Purpose Spatial Planning for Inclusive and Sustainable Palm Oil Governance in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59890/ijgsr.v4i6.259Keywords:
fit-for-purpose spatial planning; palm oil governance; agrarian inequality; land conflict; smallholders; spatial justice; degraded land; landscape governance; ISPO; IndonesiaAbstract
This qualitative literature review examines how fit-for-purpose spatial planning can strengthen palm oil governance in Indonesia by reducing agrarian inequality, preventing land-use conflict, protecting sensitive landscapes, and advancing broad-based welfare. The article argues that many controversies surrounding palm oil are not caused by the crop itself, but by weak spatial governance, insecure tenure, overlapping permits, inadequate recognition of local claims, fragmented institutions, and insufficient integration between production, conservation, and welfare policies. Drawing on recent literature on fit-for-purpose land administration, Indonesian spatial planning, palm oil certification, smallholder inclusion, land conflict, degraded-land allocation, peatland governance, and inclusive landscape governance, the article develops an integrative framework for palm oil spatial reform. The review finds that fit-for-purpose spatial planning can contribute through five mechanisms: spatial recognition, spatial transparency, spatial suitability, spatial inclusion, and spatial adaptability. These mechanisms can help Indonesia align palm oil’s economic contribution with agrarian justice, conflict reduction, ecological protection, and smallholder welfare. The article recommends participatory spatial audits, conflict-risk mapping, differentiated treatment of forest-zone oil palm, degraded-land prioritization, smallholder legality pathways, and landscape-level coordination. The main contribution is to extend fit-for-purpose thinking from land administration into commodity-based spatial governance
References
A. Gimona, M. Castellazzi, D. Wardell-Johnson, D. Miller, and K. Matthews, “Transformative land use change towards net zero: balancing emissions through woodland expansion and livestock reduction in Scotland,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 1012, p. 181132, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181132.
A. Halimatussadiah, M. Adriansyah, and F. A. Razak, “Improving the Ecosystem to Optimize Smallholders Replanting Program,” 04/2022, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://lpem.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Investor_Brief_Replanting_Sawit_Designed.pdf
A. Indrajit et al., “Implementation of the spatial plan information package for improving ease of doing business in Indonesian cities,” Land use policy, vol. 105, p. 105338, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105338.
A. K. Maurya and A. Kumar, “The Role of GIS in the Study of Sustainable Development and Environmental Management,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res., vol. 6, no. 6, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.32879.
A. Lukman Hakim, L. M Kolopaking, H. Siregar, and E. I. Kumala Putri, “Struggle for Resources Water: Analysis Conflict and Politics of Spatial Planning,” Sodality J. Sosiol. Pedesaan, vol. 5, no. 2, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.22500/sodality.v5i2.17901.
A. Poshnath, Y. Chen, B. Rismanchi, and A. Rajabifard, “Adaptive spatial planning for equitable renewable energy allocation in multi-owned buildings: A policy-integrated digital twin approach,” Energy Build., vol. 344, p. 115988, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115988.
A. S. Pambudi and B. Pramujo, “Cross-Generation Agrarian Conflict in Indonesia’s Palm Land,” in ICOSEAT 2022 ABSR 26, A. D. Saputro, Ed., 2023, pp. 828–836. doi: 10.2991/978-94-6463-086-2_110.
B. Asmara, A. Hawari, J. Kalmirah, and D. Hardiansyah, “Improving the Governance of Oil Palm Companies in Papua through License Review,” World Resour. Inst., Jan. 2026, doi: 10.46830/wripn.24.00061.
C. Ward et al., “Smallholder perceptions of land restoration activities: rewetting tropical peatland oil palm areas in Sumatra, Indonesia,” Reg. Environ. Chang., vol. 21, pp. 1–17, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10113-020-01670-z.
D. Gagakuma, “Synergising spatio-temporal big data and local knowledge for climate-adaptive green infrastructure planning in urban africa: pathways and pitfalls,” Discov. Cities, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 65, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s44327-025-00105-y.
D. O. Pribadi et al., “Mapping smallholder plantation as a key to sustainable oil palm: A deep learning approach to high-resolution satellite imagery,” Appl. Geogr., vol. 153, p. 102921, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.102921.
D. Permana, “Spatial Planning Policy in the Control Aspect of Urban Area Development,” Int. J. Sci. Soc., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 466–477, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://ijsoc.goacademica.com/index.php/ijsoc/article/view/1089/950
D. R. Nurrochmat, R. Boer, M. Ardiansyah, G. Immanuel, and H. Purwawangsa, “Policy forum: Reconciling palm oil targets and reduced deforestation: Landswap and agrarian reform in Indonesia,” For. Policy Econ., vol. 119, p. 102291, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102291.
D. Simanjuntak, Aloysius Uwiyono, and Endang Padmadari, “Reforming Indonesia’s Land Dispute Resolution Mechanism: Comparative Insights for a Specialized Court from the Mato Grosso, Brazil Land Court and New Zealand Māori Land Court,” J. Ilm. Living Law, vol. 17, no. 2, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.30997/jill.v17i2.18526.
E. Apriani, Y. S. Kim, L. A. Fisher, and H. Baral, “Non-state certification of smallholders for sustainable palm oil in Sumatra, Indonesia,” Land use policy, vol. 99, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105112.
E. D. Innocenti and P. Oosterveer, “Opportunities and bottlenecks for upstream learning within RSPO certified palm oil value chains: A comparative analysis between Indonesia and Thailand,” J. Rural Stud., vol. 78, pp. 426–437, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.07.004.
E. D. Nasution et al., “Analysis of Vegetation and Plant Diversity in High Conservation Value Areas in Oil Palm Plantations,” Plant Sci. Today, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.14719/pst.2924.
E. D. Nasution et al., “Enhancing the Sustainability of Oil Palm Plantations Through the Application of Principles and Adaptive Management of High Conservation Value Areas in Central Kalimantan,” Plant Sci. Today, no. December, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.14719/pst.2925.
E. P. Pramudya et al., “Incentives for Palm Oil Smallholders in Mandatory Certification in Indonesia,” Land, 2022, doi: 10.3390/land11040576.
E. Purwanto, H. Santoso, I. Jelsma, A. Widayati, H. Y. S. H. Nugroho, and M. van Noordwijk, “Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia,” Land, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 531, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.3390/land9120531.
E. V. Putra and L. Elida, “Palm oil expansion, insecure land rights, and land-use conflict: A case of palm oil centre of Riau, Indonesia,” Land use policy, vol. 146, p. 107325, 2024.
E. Whidayanti, “The Implications of Land Use Dynamics on Land Disputes in Depok City, West Java,” BHUMI J. Agrar. dan Pertanah., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 106–120, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.31292/bhumi.v11i2.836.
F. López-De-Silanes, “The Politics of Legal Reform,” Economía, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 91–136, 2002, doi: 10.1353/eco.2002.0001.
F. Nurfatriani, R. Ramawati, G. K. Sari, W. Saputra, and H. Komarudin, “Oil Palm Economic Benefit Distribution to Regions for Environmental Sustainability: Indonesia’s Revenue-Sharing Scheme,” Land, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 1452, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/land11091452.
G. C. Schoneveld et al., “Certification, good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector,” Glob. Environ. Chang., vol. 57, p. 101933, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101933.
G. C. Schoneveld et al., “Certification, good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector,” Glob. Environ. Chang., vol. 57, p. 101933, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101933.
G. Mulyasari, I. N. Djarot, N. A. Sasongko, and A. S. Putra, “Social-life cycle assessment of oil palm plantation smallholders in Bengkulu province, Indonesia,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 8, p. e19123, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19123.
H. Bakhtary, F. Haupt, C. Luttrell, D. Landholm, and I. Jelsma, “Promoting sustainable oil palm production by independent smallholders in Indonesia,” Clim. Focus Meridian Inst., no. February, 2021.
H. Gunawan, “Indonesian Peatland Functions: Initiated Peatland Restoration and Responsible Management of Peatland for the Benefit of Local Community, Case Study in Riau and West Kalimantan Provinces,” in Environmental Resources Use and Challenges in Contemporary Southeast Asia, 2018, pp. 117–138. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8881-0_6.
H. Purnomo et al., “Reconciling oil palm economic development and environmental conservation in Indonesia: A value chain dynamic approach,” For. Policy Econ., vol. 111, p. 102089, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102089.
H. T. Wulandari, “Participatory Mapping, the Key for an Inclusive Development at the Local Level,” WRI Indonesia: Life at WRI Indonesia. Accessed: Apr. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://wri-indonesia.org/en/insights/participatory-mapping-key-inclusive-development-local-level
HRW, “‘Why Our Land?’ Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia Risks Peatlands and Livelihoods,” Human Rights Watch. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/06/03/why-our-land/oil-palm-expansion-indonesia-risks-peatlands-and-livelihoods
I. Amri, E. Widura, M. Iqbal, Y. Andika, and A. R. Izzatillah, “Distribution of oil palm plantations and their suitability with spatial planning: An assessment in Aceh, Indonesia,” BIO Web Conf., vol. 80, p. 02006, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1051/bioconf/20238002006.
I. Bakhtiar, D. Suradiredja, H. Santoso, and W. Saputra, Eds., Palm Inside: Resolving the Oil Palm Invasion Inside Forest Zone, 1st ed. Yayasan KEHATI, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://sposindonesia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Palm-Inside-Preview-Rev-2.pdf
I. Fardani, “Participatory Mapping Solution for Village Potential and Boundary,” Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Rural Res. Plannin g Gr., vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/IC-RRPG/article/view/249
I. G. N. P. Widiatedja, “The regulatory failure of spatial planning and its environmental impact: a case study of hotel projects in Bali, Indonesia,” J. Prop. Plan. Environ. Law, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 25–44, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1108/JPPEL-10-2021-0048.
I. W. G. Wiryawan, L. Julianti, P. L. O. Permadhi, and N. binti Abdullah, “Integrated Spatial Governance for Sustainable Tourims in Bali,” J. Sustain. Dev. Regul. Issues, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–29, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.53955/jsderi.v4i1.135.
IBCSD-CRU, “Spatial Planning, Land Tenure, and Increasing Conflicts over Land Claims in Sumatera and Kalimantan: Economic Development, Policy Dynamics, and the Pace of Investment,” Jakarta, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31997.10727.
J. F. D. Tapia, S. S. Doliente, and S. Samsatli, “How much land is available for sustainable palm oil?,” Land use policy, vol. 102, p. 105187, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105187.
J. M. Linder and R. E. Palkovitz, “The Threat of Industrial Oil Palm Expansion to Primates and Their Habitats,” in Ethnoprimatology, 1S ed., Springer, 2016, pp. 21–45. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_2.
J. Zhao et al., “Spatial patterns and drivers of smallholder oil palm expansion within peat swamp forests of Riau, Indonesia,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 17, no. 4, p. 044015, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac4dc6.
J. Zhao, M. Cochrane, J. Lee, X. Zhang, and A. Elmore, “Managing sustainable expansion of smallholder oil palms with strategic spatial planning of land use,” J. Land Use Sci., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 276–288, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1080/1747423X.2025.2583927.
K. M. Carlson et al., “Effect of oil palm sustainability certification on deforestation and fire in Indonesia,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 121–126, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1704728114.
K. M. Hanafiah, A. H. A. Mutalib, P. Miard, C. S. Goh, S. A. M. Sah, and N. Ruppert, “Impact of Malaysian palm oil on sustainable development goals: co-benefits and trade-offs across mitigation strategies,” Sustain. Sci., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1639–1661, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11625-021-01052-4.
Kaleka, “Pioneering Sustainable Palm Oil through Jurisdictional Certification in Seruyan,” Kaleka. Accessed: May 08, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://kaleka.id/our-research/pioneering-sustainable-palm-oil-through-juris
Korlena, A. Djunaedi, L. Probosubanu, and N. Ismail, “Zoning Regulation as Land Use Control Instrument: Lesson Learned from United States of America and Singapore,” Forum Tek., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 131–139, 2010, [Online]. Available: https://journal.ugm.ac.id/mft/article/download/646/498
L. Garrido et al., “Low Carbon Development: A Paradigm Shift Towards a Green Economy in Indonesia,” Jakarta, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://lcdi-indonesia.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Low-Carbon-Development-A-Paradigm-Shift-Towards-a-Green-Economy-in-Indonesia-Full-Report-2019.pdf
L. Judijanto, “Implementation of Agroforestry Concept on Oil Palm Plantation: Prospects and Challenges,” Rev. Arace, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 38178–38201, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://periodicos.newsciencepubl.com/arace/article/view/6644/9101
L. Judijanto, “Navigating the Politics of Space: Critical Anthropological Perspectives on Sustainable Palm Oil Spatial Planning in Indonesia,” Horiz. Indones. J. Multidiscip., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 304–323, May 2026, doi: 10.54373/hijm.v4i3.5418.
L. Judijanto, “Rejuvenating Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations: Challenges and Pathways To Sustainability,” Jambura Agribus. J., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37–50, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.37046/jaj.v6i1.31609.
L. Judijanto, “Synergizing Oil Palm Landscapes, Agroforestry, Eco-Tourism, and Rural Economy: A Review on Pathways to Sustainable Development,” Int. J. Eng. Sci. Inf. Technol., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 305–315, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.52088/ijesty.v5i4.1180.
L. R. Wibowo et al., “Accelerating Certification of Oil Palm Smallholders through Institutionalization of Various Incentives,” For. Soc., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 263–294, 2023.
M. A. F. Ros-Tonen and L. Willemen, “Editorial: Spatial Tools for Integrated and Inclusive Landscape Governance,” Environ. Manage., vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 605–610, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00267-021-01548-w.
M. A. Lira and Asrianti, “Integration of Land Rights and Spatial Zoning in the Indonesian Land Legal System,” Lex localis - J. Local Self-Government, vol. 23, no. S5, pp. 208–217, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.52152/gr177532.
M. A. Rifai, C. Depoorter, N. Nuryartono, M. Maertens, and A. Marx, “National and voluntary sustainability standards: Convergence or divergence? Insights from Indonesian agri-food export sectors,” Earth Syst. Gov., vol. 27, p. 100311, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2026.100311.
M. Balas, J. Carrilho, and C. Lemmen, “The Fit for Purpose Land Administration Approach-Connecting People, Processes and Technology in Mozambique,” Land, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 818, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/land10080818.
M. Colchester et al., Promised Land: Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia: Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples. Forest Peoples Programme, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/downloads/Publications/PDFS/B14803.pdf
M. Ekayani et al., “Policy forum: Reducing expansion of oil palm plantations into forests through land intensification, agroforestry, and added value creation of processed palm oils,” For. Policy Econ., vol. 178, p. 103582, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103582.
M. Ibnu, A. Offermans, and P. Glasbergen, “Certification and Farmer Organisation: Indonesian Smallholder Perceptions of Benefits,” Bull. Indones. Econ. Stud., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 387–415, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1080/00074918.2018.1506093.
M. Juschten, F. Reinwald, and A. Jiricka-Pürrer, “Challenge accepted – identifying barriers and facilitating climate change adaptation in spatial development across planning boundaries, sectors and planning levels,” Environ. Sci. Policy, vol. 171, p. 104152, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104152.
M. M. Romdhon, N. Windirah, and A. Trisusilo, “Palm Oil Fresh Fruit Bunch Supply Chain in Bengkulu Province: A Study on Trust Levels Among Suppliers,” Agrisocionomics J. Sos. Ekon. Pertan., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 555–566, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.14710/agrisocionomics.v9i2.25000.
M. Mukhlis, N. Daniswara, A. Abdillah, and S. Sofiaturrohmah, “The Intersectional Lens: Unpacking the Socio-Ecological Impacts of Oil Palm Expansion in Rural Indonesia,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 23, p. 10570, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.3390/su172310570.
M. Musinguzi, S. Enemark, and S. P. Mwesigye, “Fit for Purpose Land Administration: Country Implementation Strategy for Addressing Uganda’s Land Tenure Security Problems,” Land, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 629, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390/land10060629.
M. Ogryzek, W. Krupowicz, and N. Sajnóg, “Public Participation as a Tool for Solving Socio-Spatial Conflicts of Smart Cities and Smart Villages in the Sustainable Transport System,” Remote Sens., vol. 13, no. 23, p. 4821, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3390/rs13234821.
M. Sheaves, R. Johnston, K. Miller, and P. N. Nelson, “Impact of oil palm development on the integrity of riparian vegetation of a tropical coastal landscape,” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., vol. 262, pp. 1–10, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2018.04.011.
M. Y. Bustomi et al., “Strategy To Strengthen The Impact Of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) Implementation On Independent Smallholder Palm Oil Farmers,” Agrisocionomics J. Sos. Ekon. Pertan., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 460–471, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.14710/agrisocionomics.v9i2.24491.
N. K. Abram et al., “Oil palm–community conflict mapping in Indonesia: A case for better community liaison in planning for development initiatives,” Appl. Geogr., vol. 78, pp. 33–44, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.10.005.
P. Cairney, “Why perfect policy coherence is unattainable (and may be ill-advised),” Policy Sci., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 619–642, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s11077-025-09582-9.
Q. Wu, Y. Cao, Y. Zhang, D. Su, and X. Fang, “Linking ecosystem services trade-offs, human preferences and future scenario simulations to ecological security patterns: A novel methodology for reconciling conflicting ecological functions,” Appl. Geogr., vol. 176, p. 103534, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103534.
R. Astuti et al., “Making illegality visible: The governance dilemmas created by visualising illegal palm oil plantations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia,” Land use policy, vol. 114, p. 105942, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105942.
R. Astuti, “Governing the ungovernable: The politics of disciplining pulpwood and palm oil plantations in Indonesia’s tropical peatland,” Geoforum, vol. 124, pp. 381–391, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.03.004.
R. de Vos, “Counter-Mapping against oil palm plantations: reclaiming village territory in Indonesia with the 2014 Village Law,” Crit. Asian Stud., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 615–633, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1080/14672715.2018.1522595.
R. M. Bennett, E.-M. Unger, C. Lemmen, and P. Dijkstra, “Land Administration Maintenance: A Review of the Persistent Problem and Emerging Fit-for-Purpose Solutions,” Land, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 509, May 2021, doi: 10.3390/land10050509.
R. Nabillah et al., “Exploring the dynamics of supply chain sustainability and resilience in the coconut agriculture: the case of Indragiri Hilir in Indonesia,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., no. September, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10668-025-06756-6.
R. Ramadhan, M. A. Revinsky, M. C. Ihsan, A. Akbar, and A. R. Prasetyo, “Between Tradition and Challenges: Identifying Key Factors in Local Community Adaptation to Environmental Change,” IJMEBE Int. J. Manag. Bus. Econ., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 6–10, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://www.putrapublisher.org/ojs/index.php/jamis/article/download/1012/1148
R. Wahanisa and A. Niravita, “Urgency of Transparency as A Means of Public Participation In Spatial Planning of A Region,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Indonesian Legal Studies, ICILS 2020, July 1st 2020, Semarang, Indonesia, EAI, 2021. doi: 10.4108/eai.1-7-2020.2303589.
S. A. B. Choiruzzad, A. Tyson, and H. Varkkey, “The ambiguities of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil certification: internal incoherence, governance rescaling and state transformation,” Asia Eur. J., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 189–208, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10308-020-00593-0.
S. B. Siregar, B. Kadaryanto, and Yalid, “Implementation of Land Use for Palm Oil Plantations by the Indragiri Hilir Community in the Area Forests through Sustainability Mechanisms Planting According to the Law of Job Creation,” JILPR J. Indones. Law Policy Rev., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 318–332, 2026, [Online]. Available: https://ejournal.aissrd.org/index.php/jirpl/article/view/605
S. Enemark, “Fit-for-Purpose: Building Spatial Frameworks for Sustainable and Transparent Land Governance,” in The World Bank: Land and Poverty Conference 2013, World Bank Publications, 2013, pp. 1–18. [Online]. Available: https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/77941985/Washington_2013._Paper._Enemark._WB_Land_and_Poverty_Conf._docx.pdf
S. Enemark, K. C. Bell, C. Lemmen, and R. McLaren, “FIG Guide: Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration,” Copenhagen, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub60/Figpub60.pdf
S. Enemark, R. McLaren, and C. Lemmen, Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration Guiding Principles for Country Implementation. UN Habitat United Nations Huma Settlements Programm, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305659772_Fit-For-Purpose_Land_Administration_Guiding_Principles_for_Country_Implementation
S. Hutabarat, M. Slingerland, and L. Dries, “Explaining the ‘Certification Gap’ for Different Types of Oil Palm Smallholders in Riau Province, Indonesia,” J. Environ. Dev., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 253–281, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1177/1070496519854505.
S. L. Gebre, D. Cattrysse, E. Alemayehu, and J. Van Orshoven, “Multi-criteria decision making methods to address rural land allocation problems: A systematic review,” Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 490–501, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.04.005.
S. P. Pareira, “Achieving Indonesian Palm Oil Farm-to-Table Traceability through ISPO-RSPO Harmonization,” Jakarta, 56, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://repository.cips-indonesia.org/media/publications/560227-achieving-indonesian-palm-oil-farm-to-ta-895dbce4.pdf
S. Peteru, H. Komarudin, and M. A. Brady, “Challenges and key interventions to transition to sustainability in Indonesia and Malaysia,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/flegtredd/KAMI/Resources/CIFOR 3 report.pdf
S. Safriyana, M. Marimin, E. Anggraeni, and I. Sailah, “Spatial-based model for oil palm plantation suitability rating and its smallholder farmers’ competitiveness: a case study at Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia,” J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 283–308, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-03-2020-0066.
T. A. Christiani, E. Sundari, A. Wisnubroto, G. Widiartana, and M. M. Dela Cruz, “Indonesia’s Palm Oil Plantation Regulations for Promoting Community Protection and Justice,” Contrarius, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 247–274, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.53955/contrarius.v2i3.296.
T. Santika et al., “Impact of palm oil sustainability certification on village well-being and poverty in Indonesia,” Nat. Sustain., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 109–119, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41893-020-00630-1.
Tropenbos, “Scaling Agroforestry in Indonesia: Opportunities, challenges, and solution pathways in scaling and mainstreaming agroforestry in Indonesia,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.tropenbos-indonesia.org/file.php/2238/scaling agroforestry in indonesia.pdf
V. Stelzenmüller et al., “Evaluation of marine spatial planning requires fit for purpose monitoring strategies,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 278, p. 111545, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111545.
W. M. Lim, “What Is Qualitative Research? An Overview and Guidelines,” Australas. Mark. J., Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1177/14413582241264619.
W. Sutisari, N. Kurniati, I. G. Pantja Astawa, and Suhendar, “Land Disputes and Conflicts in Indonesia’s Mining Areas: What Constitutes the Ideal Role of the National Land Agency?,” J. Law, Environ. Justice, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 340–370, May 2026, doi: 10.62264/jlej.v4i1.290.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Loso Judijanto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
