Building Civic Engagement and National Character Through Citizenship Education: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59890/ijgsr.v3i10.81Keywords:
Civic Education, Digital Literacy, Globalization, Civic Engagement, Civic Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Radicalism, Education PolicyAbstract
This article discusses the urgency and relevance of Civic Education (PKn) in the digital and globalization era, focusing on digital literacy, national identity, civic engagement, and global commitment. Through a Qualitative Literature Review of various recent scientific sources, this article identifies major challenges such as misinformation, digital radicalism, and moral degradation, while also highlighting innovation opportunities offered by digital technology, such as the use of Artificial Intelligence and digital-based learning models. Critical analysis shows a research gap related to the integration of local and global values in the development of digital civic literacy and the implementation of PKn that is responsive to the needs of digital native generations. The study results emphasize the importance of strengthening digital civic literacy competencies beyond just technical aspects, but also ethics, responsibility, and critical thinking in using information technology. In addition to providing a conceptual mapping of civic education transformation, this article recommends further research on the effectiveness of digital learning models as well as assessments of digital civic literacy competencies. Relevant policies need to facilitate the integration of digital literacy and national values into the curriculum and address the digital education access gap inclusively. This article is expected to serve as a reference for developing civic education models that are adaptive to the demands of the digital era while maintaining the character and values of Indonesian nationality
References
Adeoye, M. A. (2023). From Variables to Research Design: A Deep Dive into Educational Research Methodology. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 7(4), 622–628. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v7i4.68173
Agoi, R. (2025). The Continued Relevance of Global Citizenship Education: Addressing Global Challenges through Learning. ASSRJ: Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 12(3), 200–219. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1203.18524
Alvinca, M. F., & Suyato. (2025). Systematic Literature Review: Civic Engagement in the Context of Digital Citizenship. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dan Teknologi Informasi (JIPTI), 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.52060/jipti.v6i1.2587
Anggraini, D. (2020). Tantangan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Era Globalisasi. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Humaniora, 12(1), 33–48.
Anisa, L. (2025). Relevansi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam Menghadapi Isu Global. Jurnal Pendidikan Kontemporer, 8(1), 19–34.
Anwar, K. (2025). Transformasi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Era Globalisasi Digital. Jurnal Pendidikan Kontemporer, 7(2), 93–109.
Ardian, S. (2025). Tujuan dan Fungsi Civic Education di Era Digital. Jurnal Pendidikan Kontemporer, 7(1), 21–37.
Astuti, S. (2022). Globalisasi dan Identitas Nasional dalam Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 14(3), 233–246.
Atkins, L., & Wallace, S. (2012). Writing a Literature Review. In Qualitative Research in Education (pp. 65–84). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957602.n5
Bowyer, B., & Kahne, J. (2020). The digital dimensions of civic education: Assessing the effects of learning opportunities. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 69, 101162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101162
Fajri, I., Budimansyah, D., & Komalasari, K. (2022). Digital Citizenship In Civic Education Learning: A Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 10(3), 833–854. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v10i3.755
Fathurrahman, A. (2021). Degradasi Moral di Era Digital dan Peran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Karakter Bangsa, 8(3), 155–170.
Fauzan, L. (2025). Urgensi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam Era Globalisasi Digital. Jurnal Pendidikan Kontemporer, 6(1), 12–27.
Fitriani, L. (2021). Pendidikan Karakter dalam Konteks Kewarganegaraan Global. Jurnal Moral Pendidikan, 8(3), 145–160.
Gaitán-Aguilar, L., Hofhuis, J., & Jansz, J. (2024). A review of research on global citizenship in higher education: Towards a holistic approach. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 102, 102050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102050
Hakim, M. (2022). Demokrasi Digital dan Peran Civic Education bagi Generasi Muda. Jurnal Demokrasi Dan Politik Modern, 18(2), 67–82.
Handayani, T. (2023). Transformasi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Era Digital. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Teknologi, 5(4), 212–227.
Hidayat, M. (2022). Radikalisme Digital dan Strategi Pencegahan Melalui Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 14(2), 101–116.
Ismail, F. (2024). Digitalisasi dan Akses Pengetahuan dalam Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan, 11(1), 74–88.
Iswanda, M. L., & Dewi, D. A. (2021). Peran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Era Globalisasi. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(1), 1494–1500.
Jannah, S. M., Hermawati, P. K., Sujaryanto, H., & Nuryadi, M. H. (2025). Peran Transformasi Kesadaran Kewargaan di Era Globalisasi Digital dalam Membangun Masyarakat Toleran (Studi Kasus Respons terhadap Isu Rasisme di Media Sosial). Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia, 2(2), 242–257. https://doi.org/10.61132/jupenkei.v2i2.496
Japar, M., Casmana, A. R., Adha, M. M., & Fadhillah, D. N. (2024). Students’ Perspectives on Civic Education through Digital Citizenship in The Virtual Era. European Journal of Educational Research, volume-13-(volume-13-issue-1-january-2024), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.13.1.89
Kartika, R. (2022). Partisipasi Politik Digital dan Implikasinya terhadap Demokrasi. Jurnal Demokrasi Dan Politik, 18(1), 56–72.
Kurniawan, R. (2022). Partisipasi Politik Digital dan Relevansi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Demokrasi Dan Politik, 17(1), 45–59.
Lestari, P. (2022). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Kesadaran HAM di Era Digital. Jurnal Hak Asasi Manusia, 7(2), 67–80.
Li, X., Meng, X., Ruiz, R. A., Wang, J., & Liew, J. (2025). Types of relations between national identity and global identity and their associated factors: A scoping review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 105, 102142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102142
Lionar, U., Mulyana, A., Sapriya, S., Winarti, M., Mairi, S., & Engkizar, E. (2025). Exploring Research Trends in Global Citizenship Education: A Bibliometric Study Utilizing the Scopus Database. European Journal of Educational Research, 14(2), 567–584. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.14.2.569
Lukmanul Hakim, A. (2022). Kewarganegaraan Digital, Penguatan Wawasan Global Warga Negara, Dan Peran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Didalamnya. MAARIF, 17(1), 30–47. https://doi.org/10.47651/mrf.v17i1.153
Mahendra, Y. (2025). Global Citizenship Education dan Peran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Pendidikan Global, 3(1), 43–59.
Maulana, M. Y., & Milanti, A. A. (2023). A systematic literature review on civic engagement program through citizenship education. Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 20(2), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.21831/jc.v20i2.66024
Mulyani, S. (2024). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Etika Ekonomi Digital. Jurnal Ekonomi Kreatif Dan Pendidikan, 6(2), 101–116.
Ningsih, E. (2024). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Pembentukan Karakter Digital. Jurnal Moral Dan Etika, 12(2), 76–90.
Nugraha, S. (2021). Literasi Digital dalam Menghadapi Hoaks di Kalangan Generasi Muda. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 9(2), 77–91.
Nuraini, H. (2023). Global Citizenship Education dalam Konteks Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Pendidikan Global, 4(1), 43–57.
Pare, G., & Kitsiou, S. (2017). Methods for Literature Reviews. Handbook of E-Health Evaluation: An Evidence-Based Approach. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481583/
Peart, M., Cubo-Delgado, S., & Gutiérrez-Esteban, P. (2022). Exploring the Role of Digital and Socio-civic Skills for Promoting Youth Participation and Digital Citizenship. European Journal of Educational Research, volume-11-(volume-11-issue-2-april-2022), 697–709. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.2.697
Pierce, G. L., & Cleary, P. F. (2024). The persistent educational digital divide and its impact on societal inequality. PLOS ONE, 19(4), e0286795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286795
Polizzi, C. (2025). Youth Radicalisation: A New Frontier in Terrorism and Security. Vision of Humanity: Analysis. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/youth-radicalisation-a-new-frontier-in-terrorism-and-security/
Pramudita, E. (2023). Pendidikan Karakter Digital sebagai Relevansi Civic Education. Jurnal Moral Dan Etika Sosial, 12(1), 77–91.
Prasetyo, D. (2022). Demokrasi Digital dan Relevansi Civic Education. Jurnal Demokrasi Dan Kewarganegaraan, 11(1), 34–49.
Purba, E. (2024). Southeast Asian Peace Revisited: A Call for More Comprehensive Explanation. Unnes Political Science Journal, 8(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.15294/upsj.v8i1.5783
Putra, A. (2021). Literasi Digital dan Tantangan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 23(1), 55–67.
Putri, A. K., Rahmawati, D. E., & Zainudin, A. (2025). Digital Citizenship in the 21st Century: Strengthening Digital Ethics. CosmoGov: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 11(1), 92–109. https://doi.org/10.24198/cosmogov.v11i1.60821
Rahardjo, B. (2020). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Identitas Nasional di Era Global. Jurnal Civic Education, 14(1), 12–25.
Ramadhan, T. (2020). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Tantangan Generasi Digital. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial, 14(2), 55–70.
Rohman, I. (2024). Identitas Nasional dan Tantangan Globalisasi dalam Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Kebangsaan, 6(1), 89–104.
Safutri, L. W., Humairah, E., Maulida, I., Lestari, E. A., & Sari, C. K. (2025). Research Trends for Digital-Based Civic Education Learning on Scopus Data-Based Period 2004 - 2025: Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Mathematics Instruction, Social Research and Opinion, 4(3), 751–768. https://doi.org/10.58421/misro.v4i3.611
Santika, D. (2021). Literasi Digital dan Etika dalam Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, 11(2), 99–115.
Santoso, M. (2023). Civic Engagement dan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Berbasis Digital. Jurnal Sosial Politik, 19(1), 101–117.
Saryono. (2024). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Era Digitalisasi 5.0: Membentuk Karakter Siswa di Sekolah Dasar. Educatus: Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(2), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.69914/educatus.v2i2.13
Saud, M., Ida, R., Mashud, M., Yousaf, F. N., & Ashfaq, A. (2023). Cultural dynamics of digital space: Democracy, civic engagement and youth participation in virtual spheres. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 97, 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101904
Schmitt, J. B., Baake, J., & Kero, S. (2024). What means civic education in a digitalized world? Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1257247
Setiawan, Y. (2023). Inovasi Pembelajaran PKn Berbasis Teknologi Digital. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Inovasi, 5(2), 89–104.
Siregar, M. (2020). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam Dinamika Globalisasi. Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, 10(2), 145–158.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Suhaida, D., Sapriya, Nordin, Z. S., Moad, Rianto, H., & Rizal, Y. (2025). Design of citizenship education model development through digital media in strengthening students’ character. Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 22(2), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.21831/jc.v22i2.87279
Suharto, B. (2024). Radikalisme Digital dan Tantangan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Pertahanan Nasional, 13(1), 42–57.
Susanto, E. (2025). Kolaborasi Internasional dalam Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Pendidikan Internasional, 6(1), 28–42.
Susanto, P. C., Yuntina, L., Saribanon, E., Soehaditama, J. P., & Liana, E. (2024). Qualitative Method Concepts: Literature Review, Focus Group Discussion, Ethnography and Grounded Theory. Siber Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary (SJAM), 2(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.38035/sjam.v2i2
Susilo, A. (2022). Global Citizenship Education dalam Konteks Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Pendidikan Global, 5(1), 25–40.
Sutanto, H. (2023). Global Citizenship dan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Pendidikan Global, 2(1), 31–44.
Syahrial, F. (2024). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Ketahanan Nasional di Era Siber. Jurnal Pertahanan Dan Keamanan, 12(2), 123–137.
Tektona, R. I. (2022). Kebijakan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam Era Disrupsi Globalisasi. Waskita: Jurnal Pendidikan Nilai Dan Pembangunan Karakter, 6(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.waskita.2022.006.01.6
Tetep, Setiawan, Y., Hendiyansyah, Sarippudin, U., Sudarmanto, R. I., Hardiyanti, T. W., Widi, I., Amelia, L., Nurhasanah, S. W., & Suryanto, R. W. (2025). Strengthening Civic Education Through Multidisciplinary Collaboration (PKn-Sociology): Examining the Impact of Globalization on National Identity Among Adolescents. IJCE: Indonesian Journal of Community Empowerment, 6(1), 62–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35899/ijce.v6i1.1046
UNESCO. (2022). Citizenship education in the global digital age: thematic paper. UNESCO Programme and Meeting Document.
Utami, N. (2023). Literasi Digital dalam Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 5(2), 55–69.
Wahyuni, D. (2021). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan sebagai Instrumen Literasi Informasi di Era Digital. Civic Education Journal, 9(2), 101–115.
Wibowo, A. (2021). Civic Intelligence dalam Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Digital. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial, 10(2), 88–101.
Wijaya, T. (2024). Civic Engagement Generasi Muda Melalui Media Sosial. Jurnal Sosial Dan Politik Digital, 7(2), 115–130.
Wijayanti, R. (2024). Inovasi Pembelajaran PKn Berbasis Teknologi Digital. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan, 15(1), 98–112.
Wulandari, R. (2021). Identitas Nasional Generasi Muda dalam Arus Globalisasi Digital. Jurnal Kebangsaan Dan Multikulturalisme, 9(1), 33–48.
Yuliani, F. (2023). Civic Engagement Generasi Muda di Era Media Sosial. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Politik, 20(2), 113–128.
Zebua, H., & Halawa, E. H. (2025). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam Membangun Karakter Bangsa di Era Digital. PAKEHUM: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Pancasila, Kewarganegaraan, Dan Hukum, 2(2), 37–42.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Loso Judijanto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
